Setup and installation considerations for Windows x64 Edition-based computers
This article describes how the Microsoft Windows x64 Edition-based operating system installation process has changed from the Windows x86 installation process.


Installation and configuration
The Windows x64 installation process is similar to...
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Installation and configuration
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The Windows x64 installation process is similar to the installation process for the Windows x86 operating system. The x64 installation still copies the needed files to temporary folders, restarts the computer into graphical user interface (GUI) mode, performs Plug and Play (PnP) detection and installation, and then finishes the set up process. However, some GUI mode graphics have been updated to profile new features in x64. To the end user, the installation procedure appears almost the same as the Windows x86 installation .
The following list describes the key changes between the Windows x64 Edition installation process and the Windows x86 installation process:

• Windows Startup floppy disks cannot be used to install x64 Edition-based version of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional. This is because the kernel that is supplied with x64 Edition-based operating systems is now over 2 MB and does not fit on a standard floppy disk.
• You cannot use Winnt.exe to install Windows x64 Edition. Winnt.exe is not included on the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM.
• The installation process for x86 32-bit operating systems cannot be started from within the x64 operating system environment. For example, you cannot install Windows XP Professional x64 Edition from within the 32-bit version of Windows XP Professional.
• The x86 versions of the Windows operating system cannot be upgraded to the x64 Edition version of the Windows operating system. However, Windows Server 2003 x64 Standard Edition can be upgraded to Windows Server 2003 x64 Enterprise Edition.
  
• The installation process for x64 Edition operating systems does not support MS-DOS based mechanisms. For example, you cannot install Windows XP Professional x64 Edition from a command prompt.
  
• The layout of the x64 Edition-based version of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP installation CD-ROM has changed. The primary installation folder for Windows x64 Editions is the AMD64 folder. However, the i386 folder still exists and contains files that are required to install the Windows x64 Edition-based operating system. Therefore, before you can successfully start the installation of the Windows x64 Edition operating system either locally or from a network share, you must make sure that the AMD64 folder and the other folders that are contained on the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM are either copied locally or copied to the network share.
  
• The installation of the Windows x64 Edition-based operating system must be performed by starting the computer by using the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM or by starting the installation from within another Windows 64-bit operating system.
  The Windows x64 Edition operating system is not currently available as a retail product. At release the Windows x64 Edition operating system will only be distributed for evaluation or through MSDN, Software Assurance, volume channels and OEM channels.

• The Windows x64 Edition operating system supports "sticky" hotfixes. "Sticky" hotfixes are not overwritten or uninstalled when other updates are applied unless those updates are a more current version than the file that is currently installed on the computer.

• Because of these changes, we recommend that you perform a clean installation of the Windows x64 Editions operating systems from the CD-ROM. The Windows x64 Editions operating systems may also be deployed by using an unattended installation, System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), and Remote Installation Services (RIS) methods. For more information about how to use these tools, visit the following Microsoft Web site:

How to install or upgrade to Windows XP

This article describes how to install Windows XP. You may find it easier to follow the steps if you print this article first.


Before you start, you must have your Windows XP installation CD and the product key available.

If you cannot find your Windows XP CD or you cannot contact your computer manufacturer, you may have to purchase a new copy of Windows XP. Visit following link for more information:

http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/ (http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/)

Depending on the installation method that you select, you might need a boot CD or boot disks. If you do not have your Windows XP CD or boot disks, you must obtain them in order to install or upgrade to Windows XP by using certain methods. Review the methods to determine what media you will need. For more information about how to obtain the Windows XP Setup boot disks, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310994 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310994/ ) How to obtain Windows XP Setup boot disks You may have to troubleshoot product-key activation problems. For more information about how to troubleshoot installation problems, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310637 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310637/ )


You receive an error message after you enter the product key when you try to install Windows XP If the installation method that you select requires you to start your computer from the Windows XP CD, your CD or DVD drive must be configured to do this. For information about how to configure your computer to start from the CD or DVD drive, see the documentation that is included with your computer or contact the computer manufacturer. For more information about how to start Setup from MS-DOS or a Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
307848 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307848/ ) How to start the Setup program from MS-DOS in Windows XP
Methods to install Windows XP
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There are five methods for installing Windows XP. Review the following methods and select the method that is appropriate for your installation.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XPUse this method for a clean installation of Windows XP. A clean installation removes all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk.
Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XPUse this method if you are upgrading to Windows XP from Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, or Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional.
Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard diskUse this method to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.
Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)Use this method to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or retrieve data from a damaged disk.
Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operationUse this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system on your computer and select which operating system that you want to use every time that you start your computer.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XP
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A clean installation consists of removing all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk. For more information about important things to consider before you partition and format you hard disk and how to partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP Setup program, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
313348 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/313348/ ) How to partition and format a hard disk in Windows XP To perform a clean installation of Windows XP, follow these steps:
1.Back up all important information before you perform a clean installation of Windows XP. Save the backup to an external location, such as a CD or external hard disk.

2.Start your computer from the Windows XP CD. To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD drive or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.Note To boot from your Windows XP CD, the BIOS settings on your computer must be configured to do this.

3.When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

4.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP Setup.

5.Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.

6.Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition where you want to install Windows XP.

7.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Windows XP Setup.

If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.


Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XP
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This section describes how to upgrade to Windows XP from Windows 98, Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows 2000 Professional.

Note Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Professional can only be upgraded to Windows XP Professional. You cannot upgrade Windows 2000 to Windows XP Home.

Important Before you start the upgrade process, contact your computer manufacturer to obtain the latest BIOS upgrades for your computer and then install the upgrades. If you update the BIOS after you upgrade the computer, you may have to reinstall Windows XP to take advantage of features such as Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) support in the BIOS. If you can do this, update the firmware in all the hardware devices before you start the upgrade.

You may want to disconnect from the Internet during the installation. This step is not necessary, but disconnecting from the Internet during the installation helps protect your computer. For added protection, you may also want to enable the Microsoft Internet Explorer firewall. For more information, see the "Enable or disable Internet Connection Firewall" topic in your Windows operating system Help.

For more information about how to prepare Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition for an upgrade to Windows XP, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
316639 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/316639/ )

How to prepare to upgrade Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP


To upgrade to Windows XP, follow these steps:

1.Start your computer, and then insert the Windows XP CD into the CD or DVD drive.

2.If Windows automatically detects the CD, click Install Windows to start the Windows XP Setup Wizard. If Windows does not automatically detect the CD, click Start. Then click Run. Type the following command, and then click OK:
CD drive letter:\setup.exe

3.When you are prompted to select an installation type, select Upgrade (the default setting), and then click Next.

4.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the upgrade.If you have successfully upgraded to Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you upgrade to Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.

Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard disk
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This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.

Note You will need the CD for your previous operating system in order to complete this method.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

• Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium startup disk
• Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

Note The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the following steps:

However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do not have the CD.

To install Windows XP to a new hard disk, follow these steps:

1.Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.

2.When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

3.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP Setup.

4.Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.

5.When you are prompted for the Windows XP CD, insert your Windows XP CD.

6.Restart your computer.

7.When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

8.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP Setup.

9.Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition where you want to install Windows XP.

10.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP to a new hard disk, go to the "Next Steps" section.

Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)
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This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or retrieve data from a damaged disk.Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:
Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk
Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disksNote The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the following steps. However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do not have the CD.To install Windows XP to a new folder (also known as a parallel installation), follow these steps:
Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.
When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP Setup.
Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
Select the partition in which you want to install Windows XP, and then press ENTER.
Select the Leave the current file system intact (no changes) option, and then press ENTER to continue.
Press ESC to install to a different folder.If the Setup program detects another operating system folder, it prompts you to type the name for the new folder after the backslash (\), for example, \WINXP. If there are no other operating systems detected, the Setup program automatically names the folder \Windows. For more information about how to change the folder name on new installations, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
315242 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315242/ ) How to designate the original folder name for a reinstallation of Windows XP
Press ENTER to continue.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP to a new folder, go to the "Next Steps" section.
Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operation
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Use this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system and select which operating system that you want to use every time that you start your computer. For more information about how to multiple boot Windows XP and other versions of Windows and MS-DOS, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
217210 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/217210/ ) How to multiple boot Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, and MS-DOS If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.
TROUBLESHOOTING
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For more information about how to troubleshoot installation problems, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310637 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310637/ ) You receive an error message after you enter the product key when you try to install Windows XP
310064 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310064/ ) How to troubleshoot problems during installation when you upgrade from Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP For more information about Windows XP troubleshooting and Support, see the Windows XP Solution Center. Visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/ph/1173 (http://support.microsoft.com/ph/1173)
NEXT STEPS
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If these methods did not work for you, you can use the Microsoft Customer Support Services Web site to find other solutions to your problem. Some services that the Microsoft Customer Support Services Web sites provide include the following:
Searchable Knowledge Base (http://support.microsoft.com/search/?adv=1) : Search technical support information and self-help tools for Microsoft products.
Solution Centers (http://support.microsoft.com/select/?target=hub) : View product-specific frequently asked questions and support highlights.
Microsoft Customer Support Newsgroups (http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx) : Contact counterparts, peers, and Microsoft Most Valuable Professionals (MVPs).
Other Support Options (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?pr=csshome) : Use the Web to ask a question, contact Microsoft Customer Support Services, or provide feedback.If you continue to have problems, you might want to contact Support:
http://support.microsoft.com/contactus (http://support.microsoft.com/contactus)
MORE INFORMATION
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For more information about how to install Windows XP Professional, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
286463 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/286463/ ) Release notes for Windows XP Setup contained in the Pro.txt file For more information about how to install Windows XP Home Edition, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
306824 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/306824/ ) Release notes for Windows XP Setup contained in the Home.txt file For more information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
307726 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307726/ ) Description of the Windows XP Upgrade Advisor
314062 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314062/ ) The latest Windows XP Hardware Compatibility List
295322 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/295322/ ) How to determine if hardware or software is compatible with Windows XP If these Microsoft Knowledge Base articles do not help you resolve the problem, or if you experience symptoms that differ from those that this article describes, please search the Microsoft Knowledge Base for more information. To search the Microsoft Knowledge Base, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com (http://support.microsoft.com/) Then, type the text of the error message that you receive, or type a description of the problem in the Search Support (KB) field.

Resource - allocation Graph
> A set of vertices and a set edges E.

- V is partition into two types:
P={P1,P2,...Pm}, the set consisting all the processes in the system.
R= {R1,R2,...,Rm}, the set consisting of all resources types in th system.
>request edge-directed edge P1->R1
>assignment edge-directed- directed edge R1 ->P1

Resource allocation graph (cont.)

> Process



>resource type with 4 instances

>P1 is request an instance of R1

>P1 is holding an instance of R1


Example of Resource allocation Graph

process 1 request instances of resource 1
resource 1 is holding an instances of process 2
process 2 request instance of resource 3

resource 3 is holding an instance of process 3
resource 2 request instances of process 1 and process
resource 4 is a resource type with 4 instances.

Resource allocation graph With deadlock




















Resource allocation graph with a cycle but no deadlock

Deadlock Characterization
>mutual exclusion
>Hold and Wait
>No preemption
>Circular wait

2.Methods for handling deadlocks
>Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.
>Alow the system to enter a dealock state and then recover.
>Ignore the problem and pretend that dealocks never occur in the system; used by most opearting systems, including unix.

3.Deadlock Prevention
>Mutual Exclusion- Not required for sharable resources;
must hold for nonshareable resources.
>Hold and Wait- must guarantee that whenever a process request a resource, it does not hold any other resources.
-require process to request and be allocated all its resource before it begins execution, or allow process to request a resource only when the process has none.
- low resource utilization: starvation possible.

>No Preemption
if a process that is holding some resoureces requests
another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it,
then all resources currently being held are released
- preemted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting.
process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new
ones that it is requesting
>Circular wait- impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an incresing order of enumeration..,