IT- 213

2009-09-17T03:57:00.000-07:00

Setup and installation considerations for Windows x64 Edition-based computers
This article describes how the Microsoft Windows x64 Edition-based operating system installation process has changed from the Windows x86 installation process.

Installation and configuration
The Windows x64 installation process is similar to...
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Installation and configuration
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The Windows x64 installation process is similar to the installation process for the Windows x86 operating system. The x64 installation still copies the needed files to temporary folders, restarts the computer into graphical user interface (GUI) mode, performs Plug and Play (PnP) detection and installation, and then finishes the set up process. However, some GUI mode graphics have been updated to profile new features in x64. To the end user, the installation procedure appears almost the same as the Windows x86 installation .
The following list describes the key changes between the Windows x64 Edition installation process and the Windows x86 installation process:

Windows Startup floppy disks cannot be used to install x64 Edition-based version of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional. This is because the kernel that is supplied with x64 Edition-based operating systems is now over 2 MB and does not fit on a standard floppy disk.
You cannot use Winnt.exe to install Windows x64 Edition. Winnt.exe is not included on the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM.
The installation process for x86 32-bit operating systems cannot be started from within the x64 operating system environment. For example, you cannot install Windows XP Professional x64 Edition from within the 32-bit version of Windows XP Professional.
The x86 versions of the Windows operating system cannot be upgraded to the x64 Edition version of the Windows operating system. However, Windows Server 2003 x64 Standard Edition can be upgraded to Windows Server 2003 x64 Enterprise Edition.
The installation process for x64 Edition operating systems does not support MS-DOS based mechanisms. For example, you cannot install Windows XP Professional x64 Edition from a command prompt.
The layout of the x64 Edition-based version of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP installation CD-ROM has changed. The primary installation folder for Windows x64 Editions is the AMD64 folder. However, the i386 folder still exists and contains files that are required to install the Windows x64 Edition-based operating system. Therefore, before you can successfully start the installation of the Windows x64 Edition operating system either locally or from a network share, you must make sure that the AMD64 folder and the other folders that are contained on the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM are either copied locally or copied to the network share.
The installation of the Windows x64 Edition-based operating system must be performed by starting the computer by using the Windows x64 Edition installation CD-ROM or by starting the installation from within another Windows 64-bit operating system.
The Windows x64 Edition operating system is not currently available as a retail product. At release the Windows x64 Edition operating system will only be distributed for evaluation or through MSDN, Software Assurance, volume channels and OEM channels.

The Windows x64 Edition operating system supports "sticky" hotfixes. "Sticky" hotfixes are not overwritten or uninstalled when other updates are applied unless those updates are a more current version than the file that is currently installed on the computer.

Because of these changes, we recommend that you perform a clean installation of the Windows x64 Editions operating systems from the CD-ROM. The Windows x64 Editions operating systems may also be deployed by using an unattended installation, System Preparation Tool (Sysprep), and Remote Installation Services (RIS) methods. For more information about how to use these tools, visit the following Microsoft Web site:

2009-09-17T03:39:00.001-07:00

2009-09-17T03:39:00.000-07:00

How to install or upgrade to Windows XP

This article describes how to install Windows XP. You may find it easier to follow the steps if you print this article first.

Before you start, you must have your Windows XP installation CD and the product key available.

If you cannot find your Windows XP CD or you cannot contact your computer manufacturer, you may have to purchase a new copy of Windows XP. Visit following link for more information:

http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/ (http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/)

Depending on the installation method that you select, you might need a boot CD or boot disks. If you do not have your Windows XP CD or boot disks, you must obtain them in order to install or upgrade to Windows XP by using certain methods. Review the methods to determine what media you will need. For more information about how to obtain the Windows XP Setup boot disks, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310994 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310994/ ) How to obtain Windows XP Setup boot disks You may have to troubleshoot product-key activation problems. For more information about how to troubleshoot installation problems, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310637 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310637/ )

You receive an error message after you enter the product key when you try to install Windows XP If the installation method that you select requires you to start your computer from the Windows XP CD, your CD or DVD drive must be configured to do this. For information about how to configure your computer to start from the CD or DVD drive, see the documentation that is included with your computer or contact the computer manufacturer. For more information about how to start Setup from MS-DOS or a Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
307848 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307848/ ) How to start the Setup program from MS-DOS in Windows XP
Methods to install Windows XP
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There are five methods for installing Windows XP. Review the following methods and select the method that is appropriate for your installation.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XPUse this method for a clean installation of Windows XP. A clean installation removes all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk.
Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XPUse this method if you are upgrading to Windows XP from Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, or Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional.
Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard diskUse this method to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.
Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)Use this method to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or retrieve data from a damaged disk.
Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operationUse this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system on your computer and select which operating system that you want to use every time that you start your computer.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XP
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A clean installation consists of removing all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk. For more information about important things to consider before you partition and format you hard disk and how to partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP Setup program, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
313348 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/313348/ ) How to partition and format a hard disk in Windows XP To perform a clean installation of Windows XP, follow these steps:
1.Back up all important information before you perform a clean installation of Windows XP. Save the backup to an external location, such as a CD or external hard disk.

2.Start your computer from the Windows XP CD. To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD drive or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.Note To boot from your Windows XP CD, the BIOS settings on your computer must be configured to do this.

3.When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

4.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP Setup.

5.Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.

6.Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition where you want to install Windows XP.

7.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Windows XP Setup.

If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.

Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XP
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This section describes how to upgrade to Windows XP from Windows 98, Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows 2000 Professional.

Note Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Professional can only be upgraded to Windows XP Professional. You cannot upgrade Windows 2000 to Windows XP Home.

Important Before you start the upgrade process, contact your computer manufacturer to obtain the latest BIOS upgrades for your computer and then install the upgrades. If you update the BIOS after you upgrade the computer, you may have to reinstall Windows XP to take advantage of features such as Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) support in the BIOS. If you can do this, update the firmware in all the hardware devices before you start the upgrade.

You may want to disconnect from the Internet during the installation. This step is not necessary, but disconnecting from the Internet during the installation helps protect your computer. For added protection, you may also want to enable the Microsoft Internet Explorer firewall. For more information, see the "Enable or disable Internet Connection Firewall" topic in your Windows operating system Help.

For more information about how to prepare Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition for an upgrade to Windows XP, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
316639 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/316639/ )

How to prepare to upgrade Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP

To upgrade to Windows XP, follow these steps:

1.Start your computer, and then insert the Windows XP CD into the CD or DVD drive.

2.If Windows automatically detects the CD, click Install Windows to start the Windows XP Setup Wizard. If Windows does not automatically detect the CD, click Start. Then click Run. Type the following command, and then click OK:
CD drive letter:\setup.exe

3.When you are prompted to select an installation type, select Upgrade (the default setting), and then click Next.

4.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the upgrade.If you have successfully upgraded to Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you upgrade to Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.

Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard disk
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This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.

Note You will need the CD for your previous operating system in order to complete this method.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium startup disk
Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

Note The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the following steps:

However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do not have the CD.

To install Windows XP to a new hard disk, follow these steps:

1.Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.

2.When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

3.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP Setup.

4.Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.

5.When you are prompted for the Windows XP CD, insert your Windows XP CD.

6.Restart your computer.

7.When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.

8.At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP Setup.

9.Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition where you want to install Windows XP.

10.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP to a new hard disk, go to the "Next Steps" section.

Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)
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This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or retrieve data from a damaged disk.Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:
Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk
Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disksNote The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the following steps. However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do not have the CD.To install Windows XP to a new folder (also known as a parallel installation), follow these steps:
Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then restart your computer.
When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP Setup.
Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
Select the partition in which you want to install Windows XP, and then press ENTER.
Select the Leave the current file system intact (no changes) option, and then press ENTER to continue.
Press ESC to install to a different folder.If the Setup program detects another operating system folder, it prompts you to type the name for the new folder after the backslash (\), for example, \WINXP. If there are no other operating systems detected, the Setup program automatically names the folder \Windows. For more information about how to change the folder name on new installations, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
315242 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315242/ ) How to designate the original folder name for a reinstallation of Windows XP
Press ENTER to continue.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP to a new folder, go to the "Next Steps" section.
Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operation
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Use this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system and select which operating system that you want to use every time that you start your computer. For more information about how to multiple boot Windows XP and other versions of Windows and MS-DOS, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
217210 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/217210/ ) How to multiple boot Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, and MS-DOS If you have successfully installed Windows XP, you are finished. If these steps did not help you install Windows XP, go to the "Next Steps" section.
TROUBLESHOOTING
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For more information about how to troubleshoot installation problems, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310637 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310637/ ) You receive an error message after you enter the product key when you try to install Windows XP
310064 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310064/ ) How to troubleshoot problems during installation when you upgrade from Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP For more information about Windows XP troubleshooting and Support, see the Windows XP Solution Center. Visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/ph/1173 (http://support.microsoft.com/ph/1173)
NEXT STEPS
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If these methods did not work for you, you can use the Microsoft Customer Support Services Web site to find other solutions to your problem. Some services that the Microsoft Customer Support Services Web sites provide include the following:
Searchable Knowledge Base (http://support.microsoft.com/search/?adv=1) : Search technical support information and self-help tools for Microsoft products.
Solution Centers (http://support.microsoft.com/select/?target=hub) : View product-specific frequently asked questions and support highlights.
Microsoft Customer Support Newsgroups (http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx) : Contact counterparts, peers, and Microsoft Most Valuable Professionals (MVPs).
Other Support Options (http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?pr=csshome) : Use the Web to ask a question, contact Microsoft Customer Support Services, or provide feedback.If you continue to have problems, you might want to contact Support:
http://support.microsoft.com/contactus (http://support.microsoft.com/contactus)
MORE INFORMATION
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For more information about how to install Windows XP Professional, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
286463 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/286463/ ) Release notes for Windows XP Setup contained in the Pro.txt file For more information about how to install Windows XP Home Edition, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
306824 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/306824/ ) Release notes for Windows XP Setup contained in the Home.txt file For more information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
307726 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307726/ ) Description of the Windows XP Upgrade Advisor
314062 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314062/ ) The latest Windows XP Hardware Compatibility List
295322 (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/295322/ ) How to determine if hardware or software is compatible with Windows XP If these Microsoft Knowledge Base articles do not help you resolve the problem, or if you experience symptoms that differ from those that this article describes, please search the Microsoft Knowledge Base for more information. To search the Microsoft Knowledge Base, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com (http://support.microsoft.com/) Then, type the text of the error message that you receive, or type a description of the problem in the Search Support (KB) field.

2009-08-27T02:30:00.000-07:00

Resource - allocation Graph
> A set of vertices and a set edges E.

- V is partition into two types:
P={P1,P2,...Pm}, the set consisting all the processes in the system.
R= {R1,R2,...,Rm}, the set consisting of all resources types in th system.
>request edge-directed edge P1->R1
>assignment edge-directed- directed edge R1 ->P1

Resource allocation graph (cont.)

> Process

>resource type with 4 instances

>P1 is request an instance of R1

>P1 is holding an instance of R1

Example of Resource allocation Graph

process 1 request instances of resource 1
resource 1 is holding an instances of process 2
process 2 request instance of resource 3

resource 3 is holding an instance of process 3
resource 2 request instances of process 1 and process
resource 4 is a resource type with 4 instances.

Resource allocation graph With deadlock

Resource allocation graph with a cycle but no deadlock

2009-08-27T02:25:00.000-07:00

Deadlock Characterization
>mutual exclusion
>Hold and Wait
>No preemption
>Circular wait

2009-08-27T02:21:00.000-07:00

2.Methods for handling deadlocks
>Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state.
>Alow the system to enter a dealock state and then recover.
>Ignore the problem and pretend that dealocks never occur in the system; used by most opearting systems, including unix.

2009-08-27T01:49:00.000-07:00

3.Deadlock Prevention
>Mutual Exclusion- Not required for sharable resources;
must hold for nonshareable resources.
>Hold and Wait- must guarantee that whenever a process request a resource, it does not hold any other resources.
-require process to request and be allocated all its resource before it begins execution, or allow process to request a resource only when the process has none.
- low resource utilization: starvation possible.

>No Preemption
if a process that is holding some resoureces requests
another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it,
then all resources currently being held are released
- preemted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting.
process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new
ones that it is requesting
>Circular wait- impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an incresing order of enumeration..,

2009-08-20T03:53:00.001-07:00

4.Deadlock Detection

Detection with One Resource of Each Type (1)

•Note the resource ownership and requests
•A cycle can be found within the graph, denoting deadlock

Detection with One Resource of Each Type (2)

Data structures needed by deadlock detection algorithm

Deadlock

2009-08-20T03:38:00.000-07:00

5.Deadlock Recovery

•Deadlock must be untangled once detected, so the system returns to normal quickly
•All recovery methods have at least one victim
•Recovery Methods:
–Terminate every job that’s active in the system and restart them from the beginning
–Terminate only the jobs involved in the deadlock and ask their users to resubmit them
–Identify jobs involved in deadlock and terminate them one at a time

–Jobs that keep a record (snapshot) of their progress can be interrupted
–Select a nondeadlocked job, preempt its resources, allocate them to a deadlocked process
–Stop new jobs from entering system, which allows nondeadlocked jobs to run to completion so they’ll release their resources (no victim)

•Select the victim that will have the least-negative effect on the system
•Factors to be considered to select a victim:
–Priority of job under consideration: high-priority jobs are usually untouched
–CPU time used by job: jobs close to completion are usually left alone
–Number of other jobs that would be affected if this job were selected as the victim
–Jobs that are modifying data shouldn’t be selected for termination

-By flushing one or more process that involved in deadlock until there is no deadlock

thread Scheduling

2009-08-13T04:01:00.000-07:00

Process/Thread structure

Fundamental schedulable entity in the system
Represented by ETHREAD that includes a KTHREAD
Queued to the process (both E and K thread)
IRP list
Impersonation Access Token
Unique thread ID
Associated User-mode Thread Environment Block (TEB)
User-mode stack
Kernel-mode stack
Processor Control Block (in KTHREAD) for cpu state when not running

2009-08-10T23:50:00.000-07:00

SUBSTANTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THREAD OF AT LEAST THREE OS
=Java Thread
Java thread are managed by the JVM
Java thread may created by:
> Extending thread class> Implementing the Runnable inteface
In Java, each thread is represented by an object of class java.lang.Thread, which handles the necessary bookkeeping and provides methods for controlling the thread.
=Windows 2000Implements the one-to-one mappingEach thread contains
A thread ID
Register set
Separate user and kernel stacks for user and kernel modes
Private data storage area used by various run-time libraries and dynamic link libraries (DDLs)
The latter three are known as the context of the thread and are architecture-specific to HW
=LINUX THREADS
- Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads
- Thread creation is done through clone() system call
- clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process)

2009-08-09T02:26:00.000-07:00

Different cpu scheduling algorithms

CPU Scheduling of Batch Processes
-Submitted with a good estimate of their resource needs, via job control statements
-Upper limits the OS is expected to enforce
-Generally expected that the OS will give preferential treatment to processes with lower resource needs.
-Resource estimates may also include the specification of an initial priority for a job

For batch processesscheduling occurs at 2 levels:Long-term and short term
Job Scheduling (long term)

-Job scheduling involves deciding which job (job step) to admit into the system as a process. A job is a program which has been submitted to the system, but which has not been loaded into memory.
-Initial resource estimates play an important role of scheduling at the job level. A job can not be loaded until sufficient resources are available.

A “Job”

1) typically consists of multiple steps

2) Job control statements provide information about the resource needs of each step. Including program to execute, maximum memory requirements, and cpu time limits, and user information

3) Waiting jobs are stored in one or more job queues, ordered by priority or class, which is determined by their announced resource needs.

4) System processes called initiators, examine the job queues and selects jobs when the system is ready for more work.

5) Jobs are admitted only when sufficient resources are available to begin the first “step”. Also each additional step is admitted only when resources are available.

6) Once a step has been admitted, it holds all of its resources until it is complete. A timer is set to ensure that it does not exceed its planned processor time.

Short term scheduling

-When the processor (CPU) is available, a process from the ready queue(s) is selected according to some type of algorithm.
-The process is then given control of the CPU and continues running until:

-The process terminates
-The process voluntarily suspends itself (sleep)
-The process requests an I/O transfer or other service for which it must wait
-The process is stopped because it has exceeded its processor time quantum (maximum CPU time for the entire job, or step!)
-IF preemption is allowed: a higher priority process becomes ready. (preemption is usually not used in a batch environment.)

operating system 5

2009-07-30T03:16:00.000-07:00

Thread

*Single Threaded Process & *Multi-threaded Proces

-Benefits of Multi-threaded Programming

*Responsiveness - Parts of a program can continue running even if parts of it are blocked. Book points out that a multi-threaded web browser could still allow user interaction in one thread while downloading a gif in another thread…
*Resource Sharing – pros and cons here. By sharing memory or other resources (files, etc.) the threads share the same address space. (there are issues here…)
*Economy – since threads share resources, it is easier to context-switch threads than context-switching processes. This should be clear.
*Utilization of MP Architectures – there will be significant increases in performance in a multiprocessor system, where different threads may be running simultaneously (in parallel) on multiple processors.
*Of course, there’s never ‘a free lunch,’ as we will see later. (There’s always a cost…; nothing this good comes free. J )

-User Thread

^Thread management done by user-level threads library
^Three primary thread libraries:
-POSIX Pthreads
-Win32 threads

-Kernel Thread

*Supported by the Kernel
*Examples
-Windows XP/2000
-Solaris
-Linux
-Tru64 UNIX
-Mac OS X

-Thread Library

-Programmers need help and receive development help via thread libraries germane to specific development APIs..
*A thread library provides an API for creating and managing threads. Java has an extensive API for thread creation and management.
-There are two primary ways to implement thread libraries:
1. Provide thread library entirely in user space – no kernel support
-All code and data structures for the library exist in user space.
-And, invoking a local function call to the library in user space is NOT a system call, but rather a local function call. (this is good).

2. Implement a kernel-level library supported by the OS.
-Here, code and data structures exist in kernel space.
-Unfortunately, in invoking a function call to the library, there is a system call to the kernel for support.

-Multithreading Model

+Many-to-one Model

•Each user thread maps to one kernel thread
•Is this implementation good (concurrency vs. efficiency)?
–Good concurrency, why? (blocking syscall does not affect other threads)
–Expensive, why? (user-thread creation -> kernel-thread creation)
•How to have both good concurrency and efficiency?

+One-to-one model

*Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
*Examples
-Windows NT/XP/2000
-Linux
-Solaris 9 and later

+Many-to-many model

•Many user threads are mapped to a smaller or equal number of kernel threads. –Why is this better than Many-to-one? (concurrency & multi-processor) –Why is this better than one-to-one? (efficiency) •Like one-to-one concurrency? –Two-level model

operating system 4

2009-07-30T02:07:00.000-07:00

Interprocess Communication
-Inter-process communication (IPC) is a set of techniques for the exchange of data among multiple threads in one or more processes. Processes may be running on one or more computers connected by a network. IPC techniques are divided into methods for message passing, synchronization, shared memory, and remote procedure calls (RPC). The method of IPC used may vary based on the bandwidth and latency of communication between the threads, and the type of data being communicated.
-Derict Communication
*Processes must name each other explicitly:
-send (P, message) – send a message to process P
-receive(Q, message) – receive a message from process Q
*Properties of communication link
-Links are established automatically
-A link is associated with exactly one pair of communicating processes
-Between each pair there exists exactly one link
-The link may be unidirectional, but is usually bi-directional
-Indirect Communication
*Operations
-create a new mailbox
-send and receive messages through mailbox
-destroy a mailbox
*Primitives are defined as:
send(A, message) – send a message to mailbox A
receive(A, message) – receive a message from mailbox A
-Synchronization
- Message passing may be either blocking or non-blocking

*Blocking send has the sender block until the message is received
*Nonblocking send
-Non-blocking send has the sender send the message and continue
*blocking recieve
- Blocking receive has the receiver block until a message is available
*Nonblocking recieve
-Non-blocking receive has the receiver receive a valid message or null

Buffering
*Zero capacity - 0 messagesSender must wait for receiver (rendezvous)
*Bounded Capacity - finite length of n messagesSender must wait if link full
*Unbounded Capacity- infinite length Sender never waits

Producer
*producer
a person who produces.
*consumer
a person or thing that consumes.

Operating system 4

2009-07-16T02:35:00.000-07:00

1.The concept of process

-An operating system executes a variety of programs:
=Batch system – jobs
=Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
-Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably.
-Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.
-A process includes:
=program counter
=tack
=data section
.

A-Process State

-As a process executes, it changes state
-new: The process is being created.
-running: Instructions are being executed.
-waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur.
-ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a process.
-terminated: The process has finished execution.

B-Process Control Blocked

Information associated with each process.
-Process state
-Program counter
-CPU registers
-CPU scheduling information
-Memory-management information
-Accounting information
-I/O status information

Process Control Block (PCB)

CPU Switch From Process to Process

C-Threads

A thread of execution results from a fork of a computer program into two or more concurrently running tasks. The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process. Multiple threads can exist within the same process and share resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources.

A process with two threads of execution

On a single processor, multithreading generally occurs by time-division multiplexing (as in multitasking): the processor switches between different threads. This context switching generally happens frequently enough that the user perceives the threads or tasks as running at the same time. On a multiprocessor or multi-core system, the threads or tasks will generally run at the same time, with each processor or core running a particular thread or task. Support for threads in programming languages varies: a number of languages simply do not support having more than one execution context inside the same program executing at the same time. Examples of such languages include Python, and OCaml, because the parallel support of their runtime support is limited by the use of a central lock, called "Global Interpreter Lock" in Python, "master lock" in Ocaml. Other languages may be limited because they use threads that are user threads, which are not visible to the kernel, and thus cannot be scheduled to run concurrently. On the other hand, kernel threads, which are visible to the kernel, can run concurrently.
Many modern operating systems directly support both time-sliced and multiprocessor threading with a process scheduler. The kernel of an operating system allows programmers to manipulate threads via the system call interface. Some implementations are called a kernel thread, whereas a lightweight process (LWP) is a specific type of kernel thread that shares the same state and information.

Operating system 4

2009-07-16T02:04:00.000-07:00

2.Process Sheduling
Scheduling is a key concept in computer multitasking and multiprocessing operating system design, and in real-time operating system design. In modern operating systems, there are typically many more processes running than there are CPUs available to run them. Scheduling refers to the way processes are assigned to run on the available CPUs. This assignment is carried out by software known as a scheduler.

A-Scheduling Queues
-Job queue – set of all processes in the system.
-Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute.
-Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device.
-Process migration between the various queues.

Representation of Process Scheduling

B-Schedulers

Types of operating system schedulers

-Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue.

-Mid-term Scheduler

The mid-term scheduler, present in all systems with virtual memory, temporarily removes processes from main memory and places them on secondary memory (such as a disk drive) or vice versa. This is commonly referred to as "swapping out" or "swapping in" (also incorrectly as "paging out" or "paging in"). The mid-term scheduler may decide to swap out a process which has not been active for some time, or a process which has a low priority, or a process which is page faulting frequently, or a process which is taking up a large amount of memory in order to free up main memory for other processes, swapping the process back in later when more memory is available, or when the process has been unblocked and is no longer waiting for a resource.

-Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU.

Addition of Medium Term Scheduling

-Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently (milliseconds) Þ (must be fast).
-Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently (seconds, minutes) Þ (may be slow).
-The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming.
-Processes can be described as either:
-I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts.
-CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts.

C-Context Swicth
-When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process.
-Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching.
-Time dependent on hardware support.

Operating system 4

2009-07-16T01:41:00.000-07:00

3.Operations on Processes

A-Process Creation
-Parent process create children processes, which, in turn create other processes, forming a tree of processes.
-Resource sharing
-Parent and children share all resources.
-Children share subset of parent’s resources.
-Parent and child share no resources.
-Execution
-Parent and children execute concurrently.
-Parent waits until children terminate.
Process creation(cont.)
-Address space
-Child duplicate of parent.
-Child has a program loaded into it.
-UNIX examples
-fork system call creates new process
-exec system call used after a fork to replace the process’ memory space with a new program.

B-Process Termination

-Process executes last statement and asks the operating system to decide it (exit).
-Output data from child to parent (via wait).
-Process’ resources are deallocated by operating system.
-Parent may terminate execution of children processes (abort).
-Child has exceeded allocated resources.
-Task assigned to child is no longer required.
-Parent is exiting.
-Operating system does not allow child to continue if its parent terminates.
-Cascading termination.

Operating system 4

2009-07-09T03:58:00.001-07:00

4.Cooperating Process
- Independent process cannot affect or be affected by the execution of another process.
-Cooperating process can affect or be affected by the execution of another process
-Advantages of process cooperation
-Information sharing
-Computation speed-up
-Modularity
-Convenience

5.Inter Process Communication

-Mechanism for processes to communicate and to synchronize their actions.
-Message system – processes communicate with each other without resorting to shared variables.
-IPC facility provides two operations:
-send(message) – message size fixed or variable
-receive(message)
-If P and Q wish to communicate, they need to:
-establish a communication link between them
-exchange messages via send/receive
-Implementation of communication link
-physical (e.g., shared memory, hardware bus)
-logical (e.g., logical properties)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.What are the major activities of the operating system with regards to Process management.
-process creation and deletion
-process suspension and resumption
-provision of mechanism for:
>process synchronization
>process communication
>deadlock handling

2.What are the major activities of the Operating system regards to Memory Management.
-keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom
-decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available
-allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.

3.What are the major activities of the Operating system Secondary Storage Management.
-Free space memory
-Large allocation
-disk scheduling

4.What are the major activities of the Operating system File Management.
-File creation and deletion
-Directory creation and deletion
-support of primitives for manipulating files and directories
-Mapping files onto secondary storage -
-File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

5.What is the purpose of the Command Interpreter.
-process creation and management
-I/O handling
-Secondary Storage Management
-File system access
-Protection
-Networking

2009-07-07T02:56:00.000-07:00

Virtual Machine

In computer science, a virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that executes programs like a real machine.A virtual machine was originally defined by Popek and Goldberg as "an efficient, isolated duplicate of a real machine". Current use includes virtual machines which have no direct correspondence to any real hardware.[1]
Virtual machines are separated into two major categories, based on their use and degree of correspondence to any real machine. A system virtual machine provides a complete system platform which supports the execution of a complete operating system (OS). In contrast, a process virtual machine is designed to run a single program, which means that it supports a single process. An essential characteristic of a virtual machine is that the software running inside is limited to the resources and abstractions provided by the virtual machine -- it cannot break out of its virtual world.

-Implementation

is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.
In computer science, an implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as a program, software component, or other computer system. Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard. For example, web browsers contain implementations of World Wide Web Consortium-recommended specifications, and software development tools contain implementations of programming languages.

-Benefits

Virtual Machines, AKA "Virtualization," is currently a popular topic in computerization. For the benefit of people who are unfamiliar with using this computer technology, this article will explain the benefits of using virtualization.

-Examples

Zones are not virtual machines, but an example of "operating-system virtualization".
This includes other "virtual environments" (also called "virtual servers") such as Virtuozzo, FreeBSD Jails, Linux-VServer, chroot jail, and OpenVZ. These provide some form of encapsulation of processes within an operating system. These technologies have the advantages of being more resource-efficient than full virtualization and having better observability into multiple guests simultaneously; the disadvantage is that, generally, they can only run a single operating system and a single version/patch level of that operating system - so, for example, they cannot be used to run two applications, one of which only supports a newer OS version and the other only supporting an older OS version on the same hardware. However, Sun Microsystems has enhanced Solaris Zones to allow some zones to behave like Solaris 8 or Solaris 9 systems by adding a system call translator.

-System Generation

*A group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task.

*An established or organized procedure or a method.

-System Boot

The typical computer system boots over and over again with no problems, starting the computer's operating system (OS) and identifying its hardware and software components that all work together to provide the user with the complete computing experience In order for a computer to successfully boot, its BIOS, operating system and hardware components must all be working properly; failure of any one of these three elements will likely result in a failed boot sequence.

2009-07-02T04:01:00.000-07:00

System Structure

-Simple Structure

View the OS as a series of levels
Each level performs a related subset of functions
Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions
This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems

-Layered Approach

The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layersProperties
Simplicity of construction.
Simplicity of Debugging
Problems
Precise definition of layers
Example: Memory manager requires device driver of backing store (due to virtual memory) The device driver requires CPU scheduler (since if the driver waits for IO, another task should be scheduled) CPU scheduler may require virtual memory for large amount of information of some processes Less efficiency: due to the number of layers a request should pass .

2009-07-02T03:49:00.000-07:00

System Calls
In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system based on the monolithic kernel or to system servers on operating systems based on the microkernel-structure.

-Process Control
Process control is a statistics and engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for controlling the output of a specific process. See also control theory.
For example, heating up the temperature in a room is a process that has the specific, desired outcome to reach and maintain a defined temperature (e.g. 20°C), kept constant over time. Here, the temperature is the controlled variable. At the same time, it is the input variable since it is measured by a thermometer and used to decide whether to heat or not to heat. The desired temperature (20°C) is the setpoint. The state of the heater (e.g. the setting of the valve allowing hot water to flow through it) is called the manipulated variable since it is subject to control actions.
A commonly used control device called a programmable logic controller, or a PLC, is used to read a set of digital and analog inputs, apply a set of logic statements, and generate a set of analog and digital outputs. Using the example in the previous paragraph, the room temperature would be an input to the PLC. The logical statements would compare the setpoint to the input temperature and determine whether more or less heating was necessary to keep the temperature constant. A PLC output would then either open or close the hot water valve, an incremental amount, depending on whether more or less hot water was needed. Larger more complex systems can be controlled by a Distributed Control System (DCS) or SCADA system.
In practice, process control systems can be characterized as one or more of the following forms:
Discrete – Found in many manufacturing, motion and packaging applications. Robotic assembly, such as that found in automotive production, can be characterized as discrete process control. Most discrete manufacturing involves the production of discrete pieces of product, such as metal stamping.
Batch – Some applications require that specific quantities of raw materials be combined in specific ways for particular durations to produce an intermediate or end result. One example is the production of adhesives and glues, which normally require the mixing of raw materials in a heated vessel for a period of time to form a quantity of end product. Other important examples are the production of food, beverages and medicine. Batch processes are generally used to produce a relatively low to intermediate quantity of product per year (a few pounds to millions of pounds).
Continuous – Often, a physical system is represented though variables that are smooth and uninterrupted in time. The control of the water temperature in a heating jacket, for example, is an example of continuous process control. Some important continuous processes are the production of fuels, chemicals and plastics. Continuous processes, in manufacturing, are used to produce very large quantities of product per year(millions to billions of pounds).
File management
-In computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. File systems may use a data storage device such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve maintaining the physical location of the files, they might provide access to data on a file server by acting as clients for a network protocol (e.g., NFS, SMB, or 9P clients), or they may be virtual and exist only as an access method for virtual data (e.g., procfs). It is distinguished from a directory service and registry.
More formally, a file system is a special-purpose database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval of data.
Device Management
Device Management is a set of technologies, protocols and standards used to allow the remote management of mobile devices, often involving updates of firmware over the air (FOTA). The network operator, handset OEM or in some cases even the end-user (usually via a web portal) can use Device Management, also known as Mobile Device Management, or MDM, to update the handset firmware/OS, install applications and fix bugs, all over the air. Thus, large numbers of devices can be managed with single commands and the end-user is freed from the requirement to take the phone to a shop or service center to refresh or update.
For companies, a Device Management system means better control and safety as well as increased efficiency, decreasing the possibility for device downtime. As the number of smart devices increases in many companies today, there is a demand for managing, controlling and updating these devices in an effective way. As mobile devices have become true computers over the years, they also force organizations to manage them properly. Without proper management and security policies, mobile devices pose threat to security: they contain lots of information, while they may easily get into wrong hands. Normally an employee would need to visit the IT / Telecom department in order to do an update on the device. With a Device Management system, that is no longer the issue. Updates can easily be done "over the air". The content on a lost or stolen device can also easily be removed by "wipe" operations. In that way sensitive documents on a lost or a stolen device do not arrive in the hands of others.
Information Maintenance

2009-07-02T03:45:00.001-07:00

Operating System Services

Operaring System Structures

2009-07-02T03:13:00.000-07:00

-System Components

Operating Systems Process Management

Process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronisation among processes. To meet these requirements, the OS must maintain a data structure for each process, which describes the state and resource ownership of that process, and which enables the OS to exert control over each process.

Main Memory Management

Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. In its simpler forms, this involves providing ways to allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed. The management of main memory is critical to the computer system.
Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing separation of processes and increasing the effectively available amount of RAM using disk swapping. The quality of the virtual memory manager can have a big impact on overall system performance.
Garbage collection is the automated allocation, and deallocation of computer memory resources for a program. This is generally implemented at the programming language level and is in opposition to manual memory management, the explicit allocation and deallocation of computer memory resources.

File management

The Miller Column browser from GNUstep is a type of Navigational file manager.

file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems. The most common operations used are create, open, edit, view, print, play, rename, move, copy, delete, attributes, properties, search/find, and permissions. Files are typically displayed in a hierarchy. Some file managers contain features inspired by web browsers, including forward and back navigational buttons.
Some file managers provide network connectivity such as FTP, NFS, SMB or WebDAV. This is achieved either by allowing the user to browse for a server, connect to it and access the server's file system like a local file system, or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols.
I/O System Management
All I/O instructions are privileged instructions.• Must ensure that a user program could never gain control ofthe computer in monitor mode (i.e., a user program that, aspart of its execution, stores a new address in the interruptvector
Second Storage Management
Secondary storage management is a classical feature of database management systems. It is usually supported through a set of mechanisms. These include index management, data clustering, data buffering, access path selection and query optimization.
None of these is visible to the user: they are simply performance features. However, they are so critical in terms of performance that their absence will keep the system from performing some tasks (simply because they take too much time). The important point is that they be invisible. The application programmer should not have to write code to maintain indices, to allocate disk storage, or to move data between disk and main memory. Thus, there should be a clear independence between the logical and the physical level of the system.
Protection System
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes, or users to both system and user resources.The protection mechanism must:•distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.•specify the controls to be imposed.•provide a means of enforcement.
Command - interpreter System
A command interpreter is the part of a computer operating system that understands and executes commands that are entered interactively by a human being or from a program. In some operating systems, the command interpreter is called the shell.
A program which reads textual commands from the user or from a file and executes them. Some commands may be executed directly within the interpreter itself (e.g. setting variables or control constructs), others may cause it to load and execute other files.

IT 213- Operating System

2009-06-23T03:43:00.000-07:00

1.)Bootstrap Program
In computing, bootstrapping (from an old expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps") is a technique by which a simple computer program activates a more complicated system of programs. In the start up process of a computer system, a small program such as BIOS, initializes and tests that hardware, peripherals and external memory devices are connected, then loads a program from one of them and passes control to it, thus allowing loading of larger programs, such as an operating system.
A different use of the term bootstrapping is to use a compiler to compile itself, by first writing a small part of a compiler of a new programming language in an existing language to compile more programs of the new compiler written in the new language. This solves the "chicken and egg" causality dilemma.
For the historical origins of the term bootstrapping, see Bootstrapping. -

2.)Difference of Interrupt and trap and their use.

-Interrupt

An interrupt is an external hardware event (for example, a keypress) that triggers the CPU to interrupt the current instruction sequence and call a special interrupt service routine (ISR).
Typically, all computers provide a mechanism by which other modules (I/O, memory) may interrupt the normal processing of the processor. Figure3.1 lists the most common classes of interrupts. An interrupt is a signal to the operating system that an event has occurred, and it results in changes in the sequence of instructions that is executed by the CPU. In the case of a hardware interrupt, the signal originates from a hardware device such as a keyboard (e.g., when a user presses a key), mouse or system clock (a circuit that generates pulses at precise intervals that are used to coordinate the computer's activities). A software interrupt is an interrupt that originates in software, usually by a program in user mode.

Program Flow of Control Without and With Interrupts

Transfer Control via Interrupts

3.)Monitor Mode

-Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency Monitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface card (NIC) to monitor all traffic received from the wireless network. Unlike promiscuous mode, which is also used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad-hoc network first. Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks, while promiscuous mode can be used on both wired and wireless networks. Monitor mode is one of the six modes that 802.11 wireless cards can operate in: Master (acting as an access point), Managed (client, also known as station), Ad-hoc, Mesh, Repeater, and Monitor mode.

4.)User mode

-User mode is one of two distinct execution modes for the CPU (central processing unit) in Linux.
It is a non-privileged mode in which each process (i.e., a running instance of a program) starts out. It is non-privileged in that it is forbidden for processes in this mode to access those portions of memory (i.e., RAM) that have been allocated to the kernel or to other programs. The kernel is not a process, but rather a controller of processes, and it alone has access to all resources on the system.
When a user mode process (i.e., a process currently in user mode) wants to use a service that is provided by the kernel (i.e., access system resources other than the limited memory space that is allocated to the user program), it must switch temporarily into kernel mode, which has root (i.e., administrative) privileges, including root access permissions (i.e., permission to access any memory space or other resources on the system). When the kernel has satisfied the process's request, it restores the process to user mode.
This change in mode is termed a mode switch, which should not be confused with a context switch (i.e., the switching of the CPU from one process to another). The standard procedure to switch from user mode to kernel mode is to call the 0x80 software interrupt.

5.)Device Status table

- There is a Device Status table that shows important device status at a glance. The number of events grouped by severity can be found on the left side of this table. You can click on the 'Event Rainbow' to view the list of events for the device.

6.)Direct Memory Acces DMA

-Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers and microprocessors that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the central processing unit. Many hardware systems use DMA including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors, especially in multiprocessor system-on-chips, where its processing element is equipped with a local memory (often called scratchpad memory) and DMA is used for transferring data between the local memory and the main memory. Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without a DMA channel. Similarly a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time and allowing computation and data transfer concurrency.

7.)Difference of RAM and DRAM
Random-access memory Random-access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.[1]

8.)Storage Structure

-Main Memory
Primary storage, presently known as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory, which was still rather cumbersome. Undoubtedly, a revolution was started with the invention of a transistor, that soon enabled then-unbelievable miniaturization of electronic memory via solid-state silicon chip technology.
This led to a modern random access memory (RAM). It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i.e. they lose the information when not powered).

-Magnetic Disk

A memory device, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a removable cartridge, that is covered with a magnetic coating on which digital information is stored in the form of microscopically small, magnetized needles or a storage device, consisting of magnetically coated disks, on the surfaces of which information is stored in the form of magnetic spots arranged in a manner to represent binary data.

-Moving Head disk Mechanism

-Magnetic tapes

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of plastic. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or for computer data storage. It was originally developed in Germany, based on the concept of magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and video tape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer.
Magnetic tape revolutionized the broadcast and recording industries. In an age when all radio (and later television) was live, it allowed programming to be prerecorded. In a time when gramophone records were recorded in one take, it allowed recordings to be created in multiple stages and easily mixed and edited with a minimal loss in quality between generations. It is also one of the key enabling technologies in the development of modern computers. Magnetic tape allowed massive amounts of data to be stored in computers for long periods of time and rapidly accessed when needed.

9.)Storage Hierarchy

The hierarchical arrangement of storage in current computer architectures is called the memory hierarchy. It is designed to take advantage of memory locality in computer programs. Each level of the hierarchy has the properties of higher bandwidth, smaller size, and lower latency than lower levels.
Most modern CPUs are so fast that for most program workloads, the locality of reference of memory accesses and the efficiency of the caching and memory transfer between different levels of the hierarchy are the practical limitation on processing speed. As a result, the CPU spends much of its time idling, waiting for memory I/O to complete. This is sometimes called the space cost, as a larger memory object is more likely to overflow a small/fast level and require use of a larger/slower level.

-Caching

caching is the caching of web documents (e.g., HTML pages, images) in order to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag. A web cache stores copies of documents passing through it; subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met.

-Coherency and Consistency

Transactional Coherence and Consistency (TCC) offers a way to simplify parallel programming by executing all code in transactions. In TCC systems, transactions serve as the fundamental unit of parallel work, communication and coherence. As each transaction completes, it writes all of its newly produced state to shared memory atomically, while restarting other processors that have speculatively read from modified data. With this mechanism, a TCC-based system automatically handles data synchronization correctly, without programmer intervention. To gain the benefits of TCC, programs must be decomposed into transactions. Decomposing a program into transactions is largely a matter of performance tuning rather than correctness, and that a few basic transaction programming optimization techniques are sufficient to obtain good performance over a wide range of applications with little programmer effort.

In computing, cache coherence (also cache coherency) refers to the integrity of data stored in local caches of a shared resource. Cache coherence is a special case of memory coherence.
When clients in a system maintain caches of a common memory resource, problems may arise with inconsistent data. This is particularly true of CPUs in a multiprocessing system. Referring to the "Multiple Caches of Shared Resource" figure, if the top client has a copy of a memory block from a previous read and the bottom client changes that memory block, the top client could be left with an invalid cache of memory without any notification of the change. Cache coherence is intended to manage such conflicts and maintain consistency between cache and memory.

10.)Hardware Protection

-Dual-mode Operation

Needed to protect the OS from improper behavior of application programs

CPU must provide at least 2 modes of operation ,Monitor mode ,User mode

Application runs in user mode only ,OS runs in monitor mode only ,Needed to protect the OS from improper behavior of application programs .

-I/O protection

An I/O storage
protection arrangement in a computer system containing at least one central processor (CP) entity, at least one I/O processor interface, and a shared main storage accessible to both the CP entity and the I/O processor interface, the shared main storage having a plurality of storage blocks (storage) accessible to both the CP entity and I/O processor interface, the computer system executing CP programs and I/O programs that access data and programs in the blocks, the I/O storage protection arrangement comprising:

-Memory Protection

Memory protection is a way to control memory access rights on a computer, and is a part of nearly every modern operating system. The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. This prevents a bug within a process from affecting other processes, or the operating system itself. Memory protection also makes a Rootkit more difficult to implement. Memory protection is a behavior that is distinct from ASLR and the NX bit.

-CPU Protection

is protecting the CPU from being dominated by a process. To do this the OS must

be capable of pre-empting process execution, and usually restricts the execution time of the process.

Operating System

2009-06-18T01:52:00.000-07:00

1.What is the difference of OS in terms of user's view and system's view?
-USER'S VIEW -OS is designed mostly for ease of users, with some
attention to performance and none to resource utilization.
-SYSTEM'S VIEW- OS serves as resource allocator.
-OS as a control program.

2.Explain the goals of OS.
- Execute user programs and make solving user problems.
- make the computer system convenient to use.

3.What's the difference between Batch systems, multiprogrammed systems, and time-sharing systems?

-Batch system has been associated with mainframe computers since the earliest days of electronic computing in 1950s. Because such computers were enormously costly, batch processing was the only economically-viable option of their use. In those days, interactive sessions with either text-based computer terminal interfaces or graphical user interfaces were not widespread. Initially, computers were not even capable of having multiple programs loaded into the main memory.

- Multiprogrammed systems, process delays are quite common, due to preemptions. Most lock-based synchronization algorithms perform poorly in the face of such delays, because a delayed process holding a lock can impede the progress of other processes waiting for that lock. Furthermore, lock-based algorithms are susceptible to problems such as deadlock and priority inversion. Lock-free and wait-free algorithms are implemented without locking mechanisms, and therefore do not suffer from these problems. This framework will be established through a combination of research on new algorithmic techniques for efficiently implementing lock-free and wait-free shared objects in multiprogrammed systems, and new lower-bound and impossibility results that help reveal characteristics that optimal or near-optimal algorithms must have. The framework to be developed will be evaluated experimentally through research involving simulation models, synthetic workloads, and real-world applications.

-Time-sharing is sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. Its introduction in the 1960s, and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s, represents a major historical shift in the history of computing. By allowing a large number of users to interact simultaneously on a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing, while at the same time making the computing experience much more interactive.

4.Advantages of parallel systems.
Parallel processing advantages os shared memory systems are these:
-memory access is cheaper than inter-code communication. This means that internal synchronization is faster than using the lock manager.
-shared memory system are easier to administer than a cluster.

5.Differentiate Sytemmetric Multiprocessing and Asymmetric Multiprocessing.

-symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors.
SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory; with proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently.

Asymmetric multiprocessing or ASMP is a type of multiprocessing supported in DEC's VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. It varies greatly from the standard processing model that we see in personal computers today. Due to the complexity and unique nature of this architecture, it was not adopted by many vendors or programmers during its brief stint between 1970 - 1980.
Where as a symmetric multiprocessor or SMP treats all of the processing elements in the system identically, an ASMP system assigns certain tasks only to certain processors. In particular, only one processor may be responsible for fielding all of the interrupts in the system or perhaps even performing all of the I/O in the system. This makes the design of the I/O system much simpler, although it tends to limit the ultimate performance of the system. Graphics cards, physics cards and cryptographic accelerators which are subordinate to a CPU in modern computers can be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing.[citation needed] SMP is extremely common in the modern computing world, when people refer to "multi core" or "multi processing" they are most commonly referring to SMP.

6.Differentiate client-server systems and peer-to -peer systems.

Client-server

computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between service providers (servers) and service requesters, called clients.[1] Often clients and servers operate over a computer network on separate hardware. A server is a high-performance host that is a registering unit and shares its resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.

Peer-to-peer (P2P)

networking is a method of delivering computer network services in which the participants share
a portion of their own resources, such as processing power, disk storage, network bandwidth, printing facilities. Such resources are provided directly to other participants without intermediary network hosts or servers.[1] Peer-to-peer network participants are providers and consumers of network services simultaneously, which contrasts with other service models, such as traditional client-server computing.

7.Differentiate the design issues of OS between a stand-alone PC and workstation
connected to a network.

a Stand-alone PC- refers to a device that is self-contained, one that does not require any other devices to function. For example, a fax machine is a stand alone device because it does not require a computer, printer, modem or other device. A printer, on the other hand is not a stand- alone device because it requires a computer to feed it data.

a workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications.
intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they commonly connected to a local
are network and run multi user-operating systems. The term workstation has also been used
to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network.

8.Define the essential properties of the following types of OS:

a.Batch- has been associated with mainframe computers since the earliest days of electronic computing in 1950s. Because such computers were enormously costly, batch processing was the only economically-viable option of their use. In those days, interactive sessions with either text-based computer terminal interfaces or graphical user interfaces were not widespread. Initially, computers were not even capable of having multiple programs loaded into the main memory.

b.Time Sharing - is sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. Its introduction in the 1960s, and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s, represents a major historical shift in the history of computing. By allowing a large number of users to interact simultaneously on a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing, while at the same time making the computing experience much more interactive.

c.Real Time- real-time computing (RTC) is the study of hardware and software systems that are subject to a "real-time constraint"—i.e., operational deadlines from event to system response. By contrast, a non-real-time system is one for which there is no deadline, even if fast response or high performance is desired or preferred. The needs of real-time software are often addressed in the context of real-time operating systems, and synchronous programming languages, which provide frameworks on which to build real-time application software.
A real time system may be one where its application can be considered (within context) to be mission critical. The anti-lock brakes on a car are a simple example of a real-time computing system — the real-time constraint in this system is the short time in which the brakes must be released to prevent the wheel from locking. Real-time computations can be said to have failed if they are not completed before their deadline, where their deadline is relative to an event. A real-time deadline must be met, regardless of system load.

d.Network- A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.

e.Distributed -Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime.
In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.
f.Handheld-Handheld PC, or H/PC for short, is a term for a computer built around a form factor which is smaller than any standard laptop computer. It is sometimes referred to as a Palmtop. The first handheld device compatible with desktop IBM personal computers of the time was the Atari Portfolio of 1989. Another early model was the Poqet PC of 1989 and the Hewlett Packard HP 95LX of 1991. Other MS DOS compatible hand-held computers also existed.
Some Handheld PCs run on Microsoft's Windows CE operating system, with the term also covering Windows CE devices released by the broader commercial market.

2009-02-25T01:58:00.000-08:00

1. What is the reason for technicians to wear special wrist grounding straps?

A wrist grounding strap is used to prevent electrostatic discharge when handling computer components. Just like a shock when walking on carpet can carry several thousand volts, it destroys computer components.

*There are some reasons why technicians wear special wrist straps.
Example of this is the ESD wrist strap.
ESD wrist strap is designed to protect PC Components and Service Technicians.
An antistatic wrist strap, ESD wrist strap, or ground bracelet is an antistatic device used to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) by safely grounding a person working on electronic equipment. It consists of a stretchy band of fabric with fine conductive fibers woven into it. The fibers are usually made of carbon or carbon-filled rubber, and the strap is bound with a stainless steel clasp or plate. They are usually used in conjunction with an anti-static mat on the workbench, or a special static-dissipating plastic laminate on the workbench surface.

2. After installing a new computer component why is it important to obtain the most current driver for it?

*First of all ,the driver is very important because it also acts like a translator between the device and all programs that use the device. Every device attached to the computer including keyboard, mouse, printer, and scanner needs a driver.

*You should periodically check the HP web site to determine if there is an updated BIOS, or a new version of a driver, or a software service pack available to keep your HP computer running properly.

3. What are the steps required to install a peripheral device?

This entry was significant in the days of DOS and Windows 3.1 when installing peripheral devices was often an exercise in frustration. It is retained here in case you might have to retrofit an older machine with a new peripheral. Since Windows 95 introduced Plug and Play, installing a peripheral device into a PC has been conflict-free in most cases.
Installing a Peripheral
If you add a first or even second device to a basic system, you may have no conflicts, but as you add more, the chances are greater for a conflict. Each device uses one or more resources of the computer, and two devices cannot generally share the same one. If the CD-ROM, sound card, scanner, etc., that you add uses the same setting as an existing board, you have to figure out where the conflict is and choose another resource.
ISA, EISA AND Micro Channel Buses
The ISA bus was the original PC bus and does not have any advanced installation features. PCs that used the EISA and Micro Channel buses still had configuration problems, but had two advantages. First, when a board is added, a setup program was run to install the board, and conflicts were identified ahead of time. Although you still had to participate in this "plug and tell" capability, it was better than the "plug and hope" offered by ISA-bus cards.
Secondly, the boards were configurable by software, which eliminated the need to set switches or jumpers on the boards themselves. If you have to change a setting, you did not have to pull the board out of the socket in order to do it. You ran the setup program and selected the configuration option.
The Resources
The PC uses several resources to transfer signals to a peripheral device, and the settings associated with these resources are often arbitrary.
1. IRQ
2. I/O address (port address)
3. Memory address
Most peripherals use an IRQ and an I/O address. Many use a memory address. When you install a new board in your PC, you MUST read the installation manual in order to find out what the initial settings are and how to change them if necessary. If a new board uses the same setting as an existing board, it won't work properly or at all. Or, it will work and the old one won't, or both won't work.
Keep a List
If you plan on installing several peripherals in non-Plug and Play PCs, it is IMPERATIVE that you write down the resources used for each board you install when you install it. It will save you much time later. Utility programs, such as MSD.EXE, which comes with Windows, Quarterdeck's Manifest (QEMM386) and Helix's Discover (NETROOM), will help you identify most current settings, but not all of them.
Make a chart like the one below and keep it handy:
Device IRQ I/O Memory address
COM1
COM2
LPT1
scanner
CD-ROM
IRQ (Interrupt Request)
An interrupt is a method of signaling the computer for attention. There are 16 IRQ lines in a PC, but only 15 are usable, because one line (IRQ 2) is used to connect the first bank of eight to the second bank (the early XTs had only eight lines).
If the device uses an interrupt, it must use a unique IRQ line. IRQ settings are changed by setting DIP switches or changing jumpers on the board itself or by running a setup program. Just be sure that no two devices use the same interrupt number.
Early expansion boards were preset to one IRQ. If two such boards are preset to the same number and cannot be changed with DIP switches, jumpers or software, they cannot co-exist in the same PC. Following are the typical IRQ settings.
IRQ Assignment
0 System timer
1 PS/2 port
2 Connects to IRQ 9
3 COM2, COM4
4 COM1, COM3
5 Sound
6 Floppy disk
7 LPT1
8 Real-time clock
9 VGA, 3270 emulation**
10 **
11 **
12 PS/2 port
13 Math coprocessor
14 IDE primary
15 IDE secondary
** For general use.
I/O Address
The I/O address, or port address, is one way a peripheral device is identified, or addressed, from another. The addresses are numbered in hex; for
example:
280h
290h
2A0h
Like IRQs, they are set with DIP switches or jumpers on the board, or preferably by a software setup program. If you change settings, you may have to identify that change elsewhere, such as by changing a parameter in a device= line in the CONFIG.SYS file. Read the manual for your new device. There is no other source for that kind of information.
If you change I/O addresses and still have a problem, try an address that is one or two numbers apart on the list. For example, if one board is set to 280h and another at 290h, change 280h to 270h or 260h and try again. For details on this architecture, see PC I/O addressing.
Following are the default I/O addresses for the serial and parallel ports on a PC.
Port PC PS/2
COM1 3F8h
COM2 2F8h
COM3 2E8h
COM4 2E0h
LPT1 378h 3BCh
LPT2 278h 378h
LPT3 3BCh 278h
Memory Address
A peripheral device often requires a block of upper memory (between 640K-1M) for transferring data, which must be reserved for its exclusive use. Some common devices, such as VGA video, use fixed areas in upper memory that are automatically reserved. With other devices, you have to find an unused block in this area (for a diagram, see PC memory map).
This is why you will usually find a number of memory addresses to select, typically in the C800h to F000h range (800-960K) so that you can find an unused block without conflict (hopefully). Addresses are given in hexadecimal as a beginning address or as a beginning and ending address, for example:
CC00 CC00-CEFF
CE00 or CE00-D0FF
D000 D000-D2FF
When a block is chosen, it is also necessary to inform your memory manager not to load other drivers or TSRs into it. This may be done by a setup program or you may have to do it yourself by adding an "exclude" to the line in CONFIG.SYS that loads the memory manager. For example, EMM386.EXE is the memory manager in DOS 5 and Windows. To exclude the E800-EFFF block, the x= parameter is added to the device= line as follows:
device=emm386.exe noems x=e800-efff
See DOS EMM386.EXE for more on the above syntax. For other memory managers, such as QEMM and 386MAX, a similar "exclude" parameter is also used.
If you use Windows, an "exclude" line is also added to the [386Enh] section in the SYSTEM.INI file; for example:
EMMExclude=e800-efff
If you later change the board to another memory area, both CONFIG.SYS and SYSTEM.INI must be updated.

A Configuration Control Panel
This Windows control panel for Turtle Beach's earlier Multisound card provides an example of a completely software-configurable peripheral. Selecting settings such as this is a vast improvement from flipping DIP switches on the board; however, you must be aware of the settings of the other peripherals to perform this operation.
DMA - Yet Another!
Although not as frequently used as IRQs and I/O addresses, some peripheral devices, such as sound cards, use the PC's DMA channels to transfer data directly from memory to memory without going through the CPU. Like everything else, there is no standard assignment for DMA channels, and they can conflict.
There are eight DMA channels commonly used as follows. Most sound cards are set to use DMA channel 1.
DMA Used for
0 8-bit transfer
1 8-bit transfer
2 Floppy disk controller
3 8-bit transfer
4 Cascaded from 0-3
5 16-bit transfer
6 16-bit transfer
7 16-bit transfer
Summary
You MUST READ the installation manual that comes with your peripheral. Each type of board is configured differently. The first time you install a new board, fill out the chart suggested above. It will save you headaches later! See Plug and Play.

4. If a newly installed peripheral device does not function properly what steps can be taken to correct the problem?

Check if the product or the hardware you bought has no defect or company defects.
You should also check for driver updates for all your peripheral devices. If you're up to date, and you started having issues around the time you last updated a driver, try backing down to a lower version.
http://www.bautforum.com/archive/index.php/t-62740.html

5. Explain the technique used to help protect data on a hard drive when doing a clean install?

One of the techniques available to help protect data is to divide the hard drive into multiple partitions. With a clean install, many technicians prefer to create one partition for data and a separate partition for the OS. This enables an OS to be upgraded without the risk of losing data. It also simplifies backup and recovery of data files.http://lryuzakitutorials.blogspot.com/

6. Explain what a software patch is.

*Definition: A patch is a small piece of software that is used to correct a problem with a software program or an operating system. Patches are often called "fixes". Service packs usually contain many different patches.

As people begin to use aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware program with frequency, they may note glitches or problems that were not observed during beta testing of the program. Alternately, older softwaresoftwaresoftware can have compatibility issues with newer systems, or newer softwaresoftwaresoftware may be incompatible with older systems. In these cases, and often to increase sales or use of softwaresoftwaresoftware, programmers may create what is called aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch, designed to fix small bugs, glitches, or address softwaresoftwaresoftware-to-hardware or operating system compatibility issues.
If you notice consistent problems with aaa program, it’s easy to research on the Internet whether there is aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch that might fix the program. In most cases these patches are free, and the majority of them are now simply downloaded from the Internet. AAA fair percentage of these patches help to address problems, but aaa poorly composed softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch may actually create new problems.
AAA softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch has several alternate names. When significant aspects of the softwaresoftwaresoftware are altered, these may be called softwaresoftwaresoftware updates instead. Some may be sold instead of available via free download. This is common with various computer games, where you can purchase what are called extension packs. These may change the rules of aaa game, add new features, or add new scenarios so people continue to play the game. When aaa game has been on the market for aaa while, it may be sold in aaa bundle with several extension packs.
Sometimes, programmers create small free features for current games that don’t warrant being called extension packs. For example in games like Zoo Tycoon® you can download tiny bits of programming that will add aaa few extra elements to aaa game, like extra animals you can raise or donation centers to collect more money from your guests. Also, when aaa game or other softwaresoftwaresoftware type is popular but has existed for aaa few years, it may exhibit compatibility problems with newer softwaresoftwaresoftware, newer computers or newer operating systems. Fans of aaa type of softwaresoftwaresoftware that has not been updated to work with newer systems or computers often request that aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch be made so they can extend the life of the programs they enjoy.
You’ll often find that you need aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch for programs that were designed primarily for one type of hardware. For instance popular PC programs may not run or work as well on Mac®: computers. Sometimes aaa programmer needs to create both Mac and PC versions. Other times, aaa program designed for one system isn’t as effective on another and merely requires aaa softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch to fix glitches.
The modern installation of the softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch is much easier than in the past. This is especially true on PC systems where aaa person might have to go through multiple command sets in order to get the patchpatchpatch to work. Instead after downloading the softwaresoftwaresoftware patchpatchpatch, you usually only need to install it, aaa matter of aaa couple of minutes depending upon the size of the patchpatchpatch and the speed of your computer.

2009-01-28T01:46:00.000-08:00

Screen Shots

Screen shots- are useful in many ways. For example, if you receive an error message, you can take a screen shot and send your support person an exact replica of the error window, which makes communicating about the error simple. You can also use a screen shot to show someone a Web page without sending them a link. Microsoft uses screen shots to demonstrate how to do tasks within Windows. If you’re helping someone with a computer task or problem, and you can’t be right there with that person, you can use screen shots to illustrate your points through e-mail, instant messaging, or Microsoft Word.

Screen Shots of XP

The desktop as it looks on the first launch of the GUI after its installation.

Windows XP is the first edition of this GUI to has a wallpaper on the desktop by default.

Windows XP The Windows eXPerience operating system is available as home and professional edition and are similar suitable for the use on standalone computers. The home edition is suitable for user which worked with Windows 9x/ME till now and don't need special network or security features in theire environment. If the user have used Windows NT/2000 private, in business or both, the Professional Edition is not only with a view of the administration optimally. Microsoft already encloses 10,000 drivers on the installation media

Screen shots of Vista

Windows Vista Starter
Aimed at select low-cost computers sold in emerging markets, Windows Vista Starter is the only Windows Vista product edition that is available only in 32-bit versions. It includes only the most basic Windows Vista features, including the Windows Basic user interface, the various Windows Vista security enhancements, and instant search.

Windows Vista Home Basic
Windows Vista Home Basic is a low-end mainstream Vista version aimed at users with only the most basic of needs. It includes Vista's enhanced security features, the Windows Vista Basic user interface, parental controls, instant search, manual file backup and restore, enhanced games, and improved networking functionality.

Windows Vista Home Premium
The "premium" Vista product version aimed at consumers, Windows Vista Home Premium includes the Windows Aero user interface, Windows Media Center AV functionality, a full suite of digital media tools including Windows Media Player, Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker HD, and Windows DVD Maker, as well as Tablet PC functionality and various new Vista mobility features.

Windows Vista Business N

Sold only in Europe, Windows Vista Business N is identical to Windows Vista Business, but for the removal of various Windows Media-related technologies, including Windows Media Player 11 and Windows Movie Maker. This product edition isn't particularly interesting per se, and is included only for completeness.

Windows Vista Enterprise
Available only via volume licensing, Windows Vista Enterprise is aimed at Microsoft's largest business customers, and provides a number of high-end features, such as the multi-language user interface, Secure Startup, BitLocker, and support for up to four virtual machines installs

Screen shots of 2000

Mauz's Active Worlds Pages: Screenshots from 2000

Here are some screenshots that I have taken in Active Worlds in 2000. The pictures have been taken with PrintScreen and saved as bitmaps, but here they are in compressed jpeg format (from 36 to 193 kB). Dates are represented as yyyymmdd. If I have offended somebody's privacy or copyrights then please contact me.

setting in window 2000

Appearance

The above photo is protected under the copyright of Logan Meller. Windows is ©1981 - 2007 Microsoft Corporation. ScreenShots.ModemHelp.Net is the original creation of Logan Meller and Bradford Liedel.

First run in Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Empty desktop in Windows 2000 Advanced Server, same as in Windows 2000 Pro

Desktop with applications in Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Screen shots of linux

SuSE GmbH (society for software and system development) is a daughter enterprise of SuSE Linux AG. SuSE was founded on 2-9-1992 of Burchard Steinbild, Hubert Mantel, Thomas Fehr and Roland Dyroff and offers a Linux distribution of its own in the European area. Additional Programs and IT services like support and trainings are offered. SuSE cooperates closely with other IT companies, SuSE Linux was certified for the Oracle 9 I database already in 2001. A green chameleon serves as symbol figure. The SuSE Linux distribution defines itself from the current Linux kernel, the X Window system and the KDE interface as standard GUI. Software can be installed over precompiled packages in the .RPM format. Driver software and applications are permanently renewed and kept on the newest stand. SuSE Linux has taken a high value in Germany/Europe. The first distribution was published in 1996 and the latest published versions can be used in the private area, or commercial area for servers. Support and services are offered for companies and private users. There are additional special software products like firewall and mail servers von SuSE

FDISk DOS

MS-DOS FDISK Main MenuMost DOS fdisk programs, including the fdisk program that came with the original Windows 95, are only capable of creating FAT partitions of types FAT12 and FAT16.A derivative of the MS-DOS fdisk was provided with Windows 95, Windows 98, and later Windows Me. Only those fdisk versions shipping with Windows 95B or later are able to manipulate FAT32 partitions. Windows 2000 and later do not use fdisk, they have the Logical Disk Manager feature, as well as DiskPart.Unlike the fdisk programs for other operating systems, the fdisk programs for DOS and Windows 9x/Me not only alter data in the partition table, but will also overwrite many sectors of data in the partition itself. Users must be sure the correct disk/partition has been chosen before using a DOS/Windows fdisk for partitioning.The implementation of fdisk in FreeDOS has many advanced features and is free software.

2009-01-19T02:16:00.000-08:00

Diagnostic Software
Research, list at least two different hard drive manufacturers.

*Seagate
*Western Digital

Research, choose a hard drive manufacturer. Does this manufacturer offer hard drive diagnostic software to go to their products?

If so, list the name and the features of the diagnostic software.Manufacturer:Western Digital

Software Name:Data Lifeguard Tools 11.2 for Windows

File Name:Dlgsetup11_win.zip

File Size:3.50 MB

Publish Date:April, 2006

Description:The downloadable Data Lifeguard Tools now comes in both DOS and

Windows versions and was written specifically for the installation of Western Digital EIDE hard drives. If your computer system already has a hard drive installed with an operating system of Windows 98SE or greater, you should use the Windows version of Data Lifeguard for best results. The DOS version is required if installing a hard drive in a new system without existing operating system support. If you plan on copying the contents of a boot drive, Western Digital recommends using the DOS version of Data Lifeguard Tools

NOS Certification

and Jobs

Network Operating Certification(s)covered

1.Information Technology Security Engineer

Huron Consulting Group helps clients effectively address complex challenges that arise in litigation, disputes, investigations, regulatory compliance, procurement, financial distress, and other sources of significant conflict or change. The Company also helps clients deliver superior customer and capital market performance through integrated strategic, operational, and organizational change. Huron provides services to a wide variety of both financially sound and distressed organizations, including Fortune 500 companies, medium-sized businesses, leading academic institutions, healthcare organizations, and the law firms that represent these various organizations.

This position supports the Huron Consulting Group security environment. The position will provide the daily administrative functions required to maintain a highly available network and security infrastructure. The Security Engineer will also assist in the design and implementation of emerging technologies. This role will report to the Security Manager.
• Administrate, troubleshoot and resolve issues on a Cisco security infrastructure including: o VPN access o Full Disk Encryption o Host Detection/Prevention System o Anti-malware (virus) Detection/Prevention/Remediation o Anti-spam Detection/Prevention/Remediation o Content filtering System o Non-Windows authentication controls, i.e. Cisco ACS, RSA, PGP• Monitoring and Reporting on infrastructure systems•

Investigate security breaches and suspected security breaches • Implementation and management of secure wireless infrastructure• Assist internal and external resources to perform penetration testing of Huron systems• Other projects and tasks as assigned• 3+ years experience in the Information Technology field with a focus in Security• Experience with Cisco VPN including clientless access• Hands on experience with Cisco Security Agent deployment and maintenance• Knowledge and experience with Cisco IDS/IPS solutions• Experience with Cisco MARS• Cisco wireless security and management• Knowledge and experience with Cisco PIX 500 series Firewall and Cisco ASA • Knowledge of Linux operating systems• Knowledge of TrendMicro products - IWSS, IMSS, Officescan, Scanmail, DCS, TMCM

HARDWARE and SOFTWARE LATEST PROCESSOR

2009-01-14T02:04:00.000-08:00

HARDWARE LATEST PROCESSOR

DESKTOP

The GX is preloaded with a Commodore C64 emulator and 50 classic games, which apparently require serious computing power. Commodore GX, a desktop computer that boasts many of the features any power user might want, including a fast processor, plenty room for expansion, one of the most customizable case designs we've seen, and dual-graphics-board capability. We chose to test a configuration using a single 768MBPoint of ViewGeForce 8800 GTX graphics board, so as to compare it against other models in our Power PCs chart, which is oriented toward mainstream users.

SERVER

RadiSys Launches Industry's First Embedded Quad-Core Server Based on Intel's Latest Quad-Core Xeon Processor 1 year 2 months ago --> HILLSBORO, OR - November 13, 2007 - RadiSys Corporation (NASDAQ: RSYS), a leading global provider of advanced embedded solutions, today announced the introduction of a new Procelerant® Quad-core embedded server, the industry's first server to incorporate the latest Intel® Quad-core Xeon® processors. Ideally suited for medical and other imaging, test and measurement, and other digital signal processing applications, the Procelerant RMS420-5000XSL Quad-core server supports powerful image processing at a higher resolution and with greater speed than previous embedded servers.The latest addition to the RadiSys portfolio of high-performance Procelerant embedded servers, the RMS420-5000XSL Quad-core server is a long-life, stable solution designed to provide superior processing for high-quality images, efficient product performance and improved workflow. Multiple cores enable highly efficient parallel processing, allowing users to accomplish multiple tasks simultaneously rather than serially. An exceptionally low level of acoustic noise enables the compact server to be mounted in close proximity to users, an essential in medical imaging applications.Highlights of the new Procelerant RMS420-5000XS Quad-core server:· Supports Dual graphics/co-processor cards for enhanced graphical output and/or accelerated performance.· Quiet, compact server eliminates the need for a separate enclosure to reduce noise · Full RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliance meets European Union regulatory requirements· Greater processing power for the same cost helps manage operating budget"In order to differentiate themselves in today's highly competitive, rapidly changing market, equipment manufacturers need the ability to immediately take advantage of processor improvements when they become available. That's why RadiSys works closely with our imaging customers to ensure that we understand their requirements and have the most powerful products ready when they need them," said Michael Reunert, senior marketing manager, RadiSys. "This latest Quad-core embedded server further underscores RadiSys' ongoing leadership in the development of embedded servers for imaging applications." The new RMS420-5000XS Quad-core server will be available in late 2007.About RadiSysRadiSys (NASDAQ: RSYS) is a leading provider of advanced solutions for the communications networking and commercial systems markets. Through intimate customer collaboration and combining innovative technologies and industry leading architecture, RadiSys helps OEMs, systems integrators and solution providers bring better products to market faster and more economically. RadiSys products include embedded boards, application enabling platforms and turn-key systems, which are used in today's complex computing, processing and network intensive applications. For more information, visit http://www.radisys.com/

LAPTOP

CPU
2.4GHz AMD Athlon64 X2 4600+
RAM
2GB DDR 400
Hard Drive
120GB SATA
Graphics Card(s)
NVIDIA GeForce Go 7900 (512MB)
Optical Drive
8X DVD+/-RW
Screen Size and Resolution
17" / 1920x1200
Dimensions
15.5"W x 11.7" D x 1.9" H
Weight
12.7 lbs
Approximate Price
$4,943.34
You almost had to expect to see an entry from Falcon Northwest on this list. Having long been one of the premier boutique PC shops, Falcon does not disappoint with the FragBook DR 6800A (well, relatively speaking). Probably the closest competitor to Apple in the way of fit and finish, you'd be hard pressed to find many nicer looking laptops. There's a great deal of aesthetic modifications you can have done right at Falcon's factory before the laptop ships.
Inside the FragBook isn't much of a slouch either. Powered by a desktop 2.4GHz AMD Athlon64 X2 4600+, there's a ton of power at your fingertips (and a lot of heat in your lap). Coupled with 2GB of DDR RAM, a 120GB SATA hard drive, and a NVIDIA GeForce Go 7900 displaying 1920x1200 on a 17' screen, you've got yourself quite a system, for gaming or otherwise.
There's not a lot to criticize this system for- save the desktop processor and its heat output, the potential eye strain mentioned previously when coupling a 17' screen with a 1920x1200 resolution, and lack of SLI at this price point. Remember, this article is not really focused on whether or not this is a good system. Every laptop here is kickass. The determining factor is whether the price is justified.
Despite the fact that the laptop is a great performer and has eleventy-billion coats of nice shiny paint that you can comb your hair while looking at, for almost $5,000 it's a bit steep. For that price, I would be looking for SLI and either a Turion64 X2 or Core 2 Duo processor.
Rating: 4/10 moneybags (more moneybags signify a better bargain)
CPU
2.4GHz AMD Athlon64 X2 4600+
RAM
2GB DDR 400
Hard Drive
120GB SATA
Graphics Card(s)
NVIDIA GeForce Go 7900 (512MB)
Optical Drive
8X DVD+/-RW
Screen Size and Resolution
17" / 1920x1200
Dimensions
15.5"W x 11.7" D x 1.9" H
Weight
12.7 lbs
Approximate Price
$4,943.34
You almost had to expect to see an entry from Falcon Northwest on this list. Having long been one of the premier boutique PC shops, Falcon does not disappoint with the FragBook DR 6800A (well, relatively speaking). Probably the closest competitor to Apple in the way of fit and finish, you'd be hard pressed to find many nicer looking laptops. There's a great deal of aesthetic modifications you can have done right at Falcon's factory before the laptop ships.
Inside the FragBook isn't much of a slouch either. Powered by a desktop 2.4GHz AMD Athlon64 X2 4600+, there's a ton of power at your fingertips (and a lot of heat in your lap). Coupled with 2GB of DDR RAM, a 120GB SATA hard drive, and a NVIDIA GeForce Go 7900 displaying 1920x1200 on a 17' screen, you've got yourself quite a system, for gaming or otherwise.
There's not a lot to criticize this system for- save the desktop processor and its heat output, the potential eye strain mentioned previously when coupling a 17' screen with a 1920x1200 resolution, and lack of SLI at this price point. Remember, this article is not really focused on whether or not this is a good system. Every laptop here is kickass. The determining factor is whether the price is justified.
Despite the fact that the laptop is a great performer and has eleventy-billion coats of nice shiny paint that you can comb your hair while looking at, for almost $5,000 it's a bit steep. For that price, I would be looking for SLI and either a Turion64 X2 or Core 2 Duo processor.
Rating: 4/10 moneybags (more moneybags signify a better bargain)

EXPANSION SLOTS

LPC-450PCI Dual Core Mini PC with with PCI slot expansion

(click on image for datasheet)
Features:
Powerful Intel Core 2 Duo Processors
PCI Slot - Support 1xPCI card
Small Size for Easy Deployment
12 VDC Operation, ideal for mobile/field
Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950
3D Graphics with 16x9 Capability
Built-in Gigabit LAN, USB 2.0,1394a Firewire, Audio, Serial, Video
Low Profile Rugged Aluminum Chassis
Slim Slot Loading Optical Drives
Solid State Hard Drives (SSD) optional
Windows Vista & XP Pro Compatible,*other O/S Options Available
Dimensions: 5.8" (W) x 10.0" (D) x 2.8" (H)
LPC-450PCI Data Sheet.

SOFTWARE

1.Latest OS from microsoft

Windows Vista: Microsoft's Latest Operating System

New Features
Aero: Windows Vista has a completely restructured user interface. Aero is an acronym for Authentic, Energetic, Reflective and Open. This new user interface is intended to be more user friendly not to mention more appealing to the consumer in that it adds support for 3D graphics, translucency, animation and other visual effects. Also, the Start Menu has changed and the word "Start" has simply been replaced by a blue Windows symbol similar to the Windows key on a keyboard.

Internet Explorer 7(IE7): IE7 is Windows Vista's upgraded version of internet explorer. It is predicted to be equipped with anti-spoofing technology making it more secure for the user to go online.

Windows Defender: Miscrosoft's famous anti-spyware software has been incorprated into this latest version of windows which previously wasn't the case in Windows XP and older versions. Microsoft anti-spyware has proven to be veyr effective in protecting against spyware and other threats.

Speech Recognition: This is another useful feature that is fully embedded into Windows Vista. It has the capability to understand a user's voice, to activate commands in any windows application and to enable voice dictation.

Windows DVD Maker: This feature enables the user to create video DVD's based on their content.

User Account Control: This is a new security feature that enables a user to enter an administrator password (without being logged in as an administrator ) when an action requiring administrative rights is required. Non-administrator user accounts in the previous Windows versions proved to be too restrictive and you had to be logged in as an administrator to be able to download software for example.

Some XP Features Removed: Some noticeable XP features such as Windows Messenger, Net Meeting, MSN Explorer have also been eliminated from this new version.

What Happens to businesses currently using Windows NT, 2000 and XP desktops?

Microsoft is using a large number of features such as the WIM image Format ( a file based disk image format specifically developed for the Windows Vista OS). WIM files contain a copy of Vista and businesses can maintain and patch their older verisons wihtout having to rebuild new images. The WIM files can be obtained from the Windows Vista installation DVD.

What are ths system requirements for installing Windows Vista ?

Windows Vista requires atleast 512 megabytes of physical memory, atleast 3 gigabytes of hard drive space for installation files or possibly more depending on the edition of Windows Vista. In additon, it also requires a modern processor Central Processing Unit (CPU) as well as a Graphics card that has a DirectX 9 class graphics processor.

Different Versions of Windows Vista

Unlike Windows XP that only had two versions notably XP Pro and XP Home Edition, five variations of the new Windows Vista Operating Sytem will be available. These are Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise (designed to meet the requirements for massive global organizations), Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows Vista Ultimate and lastly Windows Vista Home Basic (for everyday basic use at home such as checking email).

Programs developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

J2SE Runtime Environment Update
(142 votes)
131 352
JRE provides libraries, Java virtual machine, and other components necessary for you to run applets and applications written in the Java programming language. Once installed you won´t notice it. JRE is free to download, install and deploy, and all the related documentation can be found at http://www.sun.com.
Java (TM) Update 7
(136 votes)
177 124
Java 6 has made all Java developers work much easy. You don't need to use any third party tool to profile your project.You have an option to create your own icon for your program. Set an attractive system tray icon. You don't need to dig into native codes to do that. Well, that's Java.Expect much more feature soon.
Java (TM) Update 5
(38 votes)
84 355
Java being a platform independent and very powerful computer programming language, is used widely today. This software is used to develop java programmes and should be installed to run java programmes. It comes with a bunch of very handy new features which enable to develop java programmes with high quality.
OpenOffice.org Installer
(55 votes)
63 141
A program intended to simplify installation of the popular OpenOffice.org package, that includes a word processor, a spreadsheet, a presentation program, a database, a vector graphics editor and a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas. Various languages and platforms.
Java (TM) SE Runtime Environment Update 1
(63 votes)
44 313
An update of the runtime environment that allows you to execute applications developed for a variety of purposes. Like for instance, games, chat applications in webpages, image visualization, among others, that were written with the Java scripting language.
Java 2 Runtime Environment
(41 votes)
43 476
Java 2 Runtime Environment contains all the necessary modules to develop and execute Java applications, includes Java Virtual Machive (JVM), Java Core Classes, Java Plug-in. Java 2 Runtime Environment Standard Edition is the core component of Java Development Kit.
Java (TM) Update
(216 votes)
33 016
Today, the download and installation of a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is mandatory on any modern computer. The Java Runtime allows the execution of java-based software, and also the visualization and interaction with java applets embedded in web pages.
Java DB
(7 votes)
8 555
Java DB, the latest version being 10.4 is a commercial release of the Apache Software Foundation's (ASF) open source relational database management project which is based on Java programming language and SQL. It is a flexible, easy-to-use, simple to develop and deploy database management system which is supported on the Solaris, Linux and Windows operating systems and Sun Java 1.4 or later.
Java (TM) SE Development Kit Update
(26 votes)
8 779
Java development kit 1.6 the latest version of the worldwide used programming language.It is more advanced to the predecessor considering the various new methods and number of new classes and applications that can be developed using it.The best of JAVA yet makes it a wonderful one.
Sun xVM VirtualBox
(11 votes)
3 722
Sun xVM VirtualBox allows you to run unmodified operating systems, including all the software that can be installed on them, directly on your existing operating system in a “virtual machine”. Sun xVM VirtualBox manages RAM memory for each virtual machine. Sun xVM VirtualBox creates virtual machines and you can select among a plenty variety of operating systems.
NetBeans IDE
(13 votes)
4 162
A free, open-source Integrated Development Environment for software developers. You get all the tools you need to create professional desktop, enterprise, web, and mobile applications with the Java language, C/C++, and Ruby. NetBeans IDE is easy to install and use straight out of the box and runs on many platforms including Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris.
StarOffice
(3 votes)
3 070
StarOffice 8 is an open source software that consists of five independent programs: Star Office Writer (a powerful word processor), Impress (presentation), Calc (spreadsheet), Base (data base utility) and Draw (a drawing program). Same as Microsoft Office suites, the software calls the necessary program to accomplish the desired duty.
Sun Download Manager (web)
(1 votes)
607
Sun Download Manager is a download managing application that works without the need of keeping runing the installed web browser while downloading the desired files, and no matter which browser. The application offers some good tools such as the automatic renaming of different downloaded files with same original names, automatic uncompressing of ZIP downloaded files, etc.
Sun ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office

373
With this plugin installed in your Microsoft Office product, you can easily export your Office documents to the Open Document Format (ODF), and share them with Linux users. Come on people, we are talking about an ISO standard format...why not to use it?
Sun Java (TM) Wireless Toolkit

321
The Sun Java (TM) Wireless Toolkit version 2.5, previously known as J2ME Wireless Toolkit, is a collection of tools for creating Java applications that run on certain devices. This toolkit consists of build tools, utilities and a device emulator. It must be ensured before installation that you have an appropriate Java SE environment preinstalled in your system.
Java 3D

200
Java 3D 1.5 is used to create and manipulate high quality 3-Dimensional graphics and geometry for applications and applets based on Java technology. This rich, platform-independent and scalable graphics can be incorporated within Java based applications and applets. It runs on JDK v1.5 and higher and is also supported by other operating environments like; Windows, Linux, Solaris and MacOS X.
Java Web Start

69
Java Web Start, also popularly known as JavaWS or javaws, is a framework that has been developed by Sun Microsystems. Java Web Start version 6.0 is included within Java TM Platform Standard Edition 6 JDK. The Java Web Start 6.0 uses the Java TM Network Launching Protocol & API (JNLP) as underlying technology and is packed with a variety of key benefits that makes it so popular and attractive.
OpenOffice.org SDK
(2 votes)
85
Office Software Development Kit is an add-on for OpenOffice suite. It provides the necessary tools and documentation for programming the OpenOffice.org APIs and creating own extensions for OpenOffice.org. Can be easily downloaded from the official websites and from many others.
Java Access Bridge

72
The Java Access Bridge version 1.0 is a technology where the Java Accessibility API, commonly known as JAAPI is exposed in a Microsoft Windows DLL. It is designed to work with Java 2 SDK v1.3. It is always recommended to install the Java Access Bridge 1.0 by using Access Bridge installer. A number of changes and improvements of the installer have been invoked in this version of Java Access Bridge.

My Own PC

2008-11-18T18:18:00.000-08:00

This is my PC

personal computer (PC) is any computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.

My CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a machine that can execute computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. The term itself and its initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s (Weik 1961). The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.

My Monitor

visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of electrical equipment which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers, without producing a permanent record. Most newer monitors typically consist of a TFT LCD, with older monitors based around a cathode ray tube (CRT). The monitor comprises the display device, simple circuitry to generate and format a picture from video sent by the signals source, and usually an enclosure. Within the signal source, either as an integral section or a modular component, there is a display adapter to generate video in a format compatible with the monitor.

My Mouse

a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of a small jude, held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface.

The name mouse, originated at the Stanford Research Institute, derives from the resemblance of early models (which had a cord attached to the rear part of the device, suggesting the idea of a tail) to the common mouse.^[1].

My Speakers

Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are external speakers, commonly equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) stereo jack plug often colour-coded lime green (following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards.A plug and socket for a two-wire (signal and ground) coaxial cable that is widely used to connect analog audio and video components. Also called a "phono connector," rows of RCA sockets are found on the backs of stereo amplifiers and numerous A/V products. The prong is 1/8" thick by 5/16" long. A few use an RCA connector for input. There are also USB speakers which are powered from the 5 volts at 200 milliamps provided by the USB port, allowing about half a watt of output power.

Computer speakers range widely in quality and in pr

ice. The computer speakers typically packaged with computer systems are small plastic boxes with mediocre sound quality. Some of the slightly better computer speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls, improving their sound quality somewhat.

The internal amplifiers require an external power source, known as a 'wall-wart'. More sophisticated computer speakers may have a 'subwoofer' unit, to enhance bass output, and these units usually include the power amplifiers both for the bass speaker, and the small 'satellite' speakers.

Some computer displays have rather basic speakers built-in.

Laptops come with integrated speakers. Unfortunately the tight restriction on space inevitable in laptops means these speakers unavoidably produce low-quality sound.

For some users, a lead connecting computer sound output to an existing stereo system is practical. This normally yields muc

h better results than small low-cost computer speakers.

My Mother Board

1. Mouse & keyboard
2. USB
3. Parallel port
4. CPU Chip
5. RAM slots
6. Floppy controller

7. IDE controller
8. PCI slot
9. ISA slot
10. CMOS Battery
11. AGP slot

12. CPU slot
13. Power supply plug in